Transparency

Every number on this site has a receipt.

We cite primary sources for every statistic, baseline, and target. Browse the full list below, or jump to the methodology section for how we pick and apply sources.

162 sources indexed

How we work

How we source our claims

Every statistic, baseline, and target on Sabka Sarkar is drawn from a primary or peer-reviewed source. We do not invent numbers. Where estimates conflict, we cite the more conservative figure and note the range. This page is a live receipt: as evidence briefs are published, their sources appear here.

Each brief is built on a four-tier source hierarchy. The first tier is official Indian government statistics: survey reports published by the Office of the Registrar General of India (the Sample Registration System and its maternal mortality bulletins), the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare's National Health Accounts, the Ministry of Education's UDISE+ school data, and the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation's Periodic Labour Force Survey. These are the foundation because they are nationally representative, methodologically documented, and publicly accessible; they are cited with their survey years, not just publication years, because the fieldwork vintage is what determines data age.

The second tier is multilateral data: OECD, World Bank, and ILO publications, including global learning databases and the ILO's India Employment Report. These are used where no equivalent Indian series exists — comparative health spending across countries, PISA scores, the OECD's deliberative democracy database — or where they consolidate and validate the official series with independent methodology.

The third tier is peer-reviewed research and independent evaluations: randomised controlled trials, quasi-experimental studies, and formally evaluated programme assessments published in academic journals or as working papers of standing research institutions. This is where effect sizes and causal claims are grounded. All such claims carry the study design in the text — 'RCT', 'panel study', 'quasi-experimental' — because observational associations and experimental estimates are not interchangeable.

Data journalism and advocacy-organisation reports are used only as pointers to the primary statistical release when that release is otherwise inaccessible or has no direct URL. They are never used as the underlying evidence for a factual claim.

Every target in the five-year plans names its baseline, the measurement instrument used to establish that baseline, and the year the baseline was measured. Targets that depend on a single study or a programme-internal evaluation are flagged as such and accompanied by a lower-bound estimate. Where effect sizes in standard deviations are converted to projected percentage points, the brief explicitly notes that the conversion is not mechanical and states the assumptions behind it.

Each brief underwent an automated fact-check pass — every statistic was traced to a citable primary source — followed by an adversarial editorial review that challenged causal claims, checked for internal consistency across sections, and compared stated figures with the sources themselves. A revision pass resolved flagged discrepancies and added caveats where evidence was contested or vintage was stale.

We distinguish between things evidence shows and things we propose or believe. Uncertainty is named explicitly in the 'What we don't know' section of each brief. A plan that cannot name its own weaknesses should not be trusted. If you spot an error, outdated figure, or missing source, corrections that include a primary source citation are welcome and will be reviewed and incorporated.

All sources

The full list.

Organised by source type. Each entry links to the original document. Source ids match the superscript references in evidence briefs.

Official (58)

  1. 1.
    National Health Accounts Estimates for India 2022-23Official

    MoHFW / NHSRC · 2026

    GHE 1.43% of GDP; OOPE 43.4% of THE; government share of THE 43.7%

    View source
  2. 2.
    Sample Registration System Statistical Report 2023Official

    Office of the Registrar General of India · 2025

    IMR 25 per 1,000; state-level spread Kerala 5 to Chhattisgarh/MP/UP 37

    View source
  3. 3.
    National Health Accounts Estimates for India 2021-22Official

    MoHFW / NHSRC · 2024

    OOPE 39.4% of THE (pandemic-year figure); GHE 1.84% of GDP

    View source
  4. 4.
    Union Budget 2026-27: MoHFW allocationOfficial

    Press Information Bureau · 2026

    ₹1,06,530 crore total; NHM ₹39,390 crore; PM-JAY ₹9,500 crore; PM-ABHIM ₹4,770 crore

    View source
  5. 5.
    Special Bulletin on Maternal Mortality in India 2020-22Official

    Office of the Registrar General of India · 2025

    MMR 88 per 100,000 live births; down from 130 in 2014-16

    View source
  6. 6.
    India maternal and child mortality trends toward SDG 2030Official

    Press Information Bureau · 2025

    Neonatal mortality 19/1,000 and under-5 mortality 31/1,000 (SRS 2021)

    View source
  7. 7.
    Status of Non-Communicable Diseases in IndiaOfficial

    Press Information Bureau · 2022

    NCDs 62% of deaths (GBD 2016); up from 38% in 1990

    View source
  8. 8.
    National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5) 2019-21: India ReportOfficial

    IIPS & MoHFW · 2022

    Stunting 35.5%; anaemia: children 6-59 months 67%; women 15-49 57%

    View source
  9. 9.
    Rural Health Statistics 2022-23Official

    MoHFW · 2024

    CHC specialist shortfall 79.9%; 4,413 in place against 21,964 required

    View source
  10. 10.
    About PM-JAYOfficial

    National Health Authority · 2026

    Coverage ~55 crore people; 42 crore+ Ayushman cards issued by late 2025

    View source
  11. 11.
    Update on Ayushman Arogya MandirOfficial

    MoHFW · 2025

    1.78 lakh AAMs operationalised as of mid-2025

    View source
  12. 12.
    Performance Audit of Ayushman Bharat – PM-JAY, Report No. 11 of 2023Official

    Comptroller and Auditor General of India · 2023

    3,903 claims paid for deceased patients (₹6.97 crore); ₹57.53 crore excess payments in 4 states

    View source
  13. 13.
    PM-ABHIM scheme updateOfficial

    Press Information Bureau · 2025

    ₹64,180 crore outlay for 2021-26; 602 critical care blocks; 730 district labs

    View source
  14. 14.
    Cabinet approves 157 new nursing colleges at cost of ₹1,570 croreOfficial

    ANI · 2023

    ~15,700 additional graduates per year; ₹10 crore per college

    View source
  15. 15.
    Mukhyamantri Nishulk Dava Yojana scheme pageOfficial

    Govt of Rajasthan · not dated

    1,795 medicines and surgical consumables free statewide; 60% NHM co-financing

    View source
  16. 16.
    Provisional Estimates of Annual GDP 2024-25Official

    NSO / PIB · 2025

    Nominal GDP ₹330.68 lakh crore (FY2024-25)

    View source
  17. 17.
    Annual Status of Education Report (Rural) 2024: National FindingsOfficial

    ASER Centre · 2025

    Primary source for all ASER 2024 foundational learning statistics

    View source
  18. 18.
    UDISE+ 2024-25 Report on School Education of IndiaOfficial

    Ministry of Education / PIB · 2025

    Enrolment, teacher workforce, dropout, and GER/NER figures

    View source
  19. 19.
    PARAKH Rashtriya Sarvekshan 2024: National ReportOfficial

    PARAKH / NCERT · 2025

    Survey conducted 4 December 2024; 21.15 lakh students in 74,229 schools

    View source
  20. 20.
    PARAKH Rashtriya Sarvekshan 2024: National Report PDFOfficial

    PARAKH / NCERT · 2025

    Full report with grade-level competency percentages

    View source
  21. 22.
    ASER 2024: enrolment of 15–16-year-oldsOfficial

    ASER Centre · 2025

    Non-enrolment fell from 13.1% (2018) to 7.9% (2024)

    View source
  22. 23.
    Report No. 368: Review of Functioning of NCTE and Initiatives Taken to Support Training of Teachers in light of NEP 2020Official

    Parliamentary Standing Committee on Education · 2025

    Tabled August 2025; ~10 lakh vacancies, secondary vacancies rose to 4.09 lakh

    View source
  23. 24.
    Pre-school years in India: progress since NEP 2020Official

    ASER Centre · 2025

    77.4% of rural 3-year-olds enrolled in pre-primary institutions; anganwadi as primary provider

    View source
  24. 25.
    Saksham Anganwadi & POSHAN 2.0 budget estimate 2026-27Official

    Union Budget 2026-27 · 2026

    ₹23,100 crore BE 2026-27 vs ₹21,960 crore BE 2025-26; accessed via Expenditure Profile / Demands for Grants

    View source
  25. 26.
    ASER 2024 Beyond Basics digital-access moduleOfficial

    ASER Centre · 2025

    Smartphone ownership: girls 26.9%, boys 36.2%; 57% used smartphone for educational activity

    View source
  26. 27.
    Analysis of Budgeted Expenditure on Education 2019-20 to 2021-22Official

    Ministry of Education · 2022

    Centre plus states public education expenditure as % of GDP

    View source
  27. 28.
    Union Education Minister on Budget 2026-27Official

    Press Information Bureau · 2026

    Ministry of Education total allocation ₹1.39 lakh crore, +8.27% year-on-year

    View source
  28. 29.
    NIPUN Bharat GuidelinesOfficial

    Ministry of Education / PIB · 2021

    Foundational literacy and numeracy for every Grade 3 child by 2026-27; launched July 2021

    View source
  29. 30.
    First Advance Estimates of National Income 2025-26Official

    MoSPI / PIB · 2026

    Nominal GDP ₹357.14 lakh crore FY 2025-26

    View source
  30. 31.
    UDISE+ enrolment by grade and government school shareOfficial

    UDISE+ / Ministry of Education · 2025

    Total enrolment 24.69 crore; government schools ~12.16 crore (roughly half total); used for Grades 1–5 government-school estimate

    View source
  31. 32.
    Anganwadis co-located with primary schoolsOfficial

    Ministry of Women and Child Development / DoSEL · 2025

    2.9 lakh anganwadis identified as co-located with primary schools per MWCD/DoSEL data 2025

  32. 33.
    Periodic Labour Force Survey Annual Report 2025 (January–December 2025)Official

    Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation · 2026

    PIB press release with key indicators; full PDF via MoSPI

    View source
  33. 34.
    PLFS Key Employment Unemployment Indicators 2024 (January–December 2024)Official

    Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation · 2025

    View source
  34. 35.
    PLFS Annual Report July 2023–June 2024Official

    Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation · 2024

    View source
  35. 36.
    Economic Survey 2023-24: India needs 78.5 lakh non-farm jobs annually until 2030Official

    Ministry of Finance / PIB · 2024

    View source
  36. 37.
    Enhancing Competitiveness of MSMEs in IndiaOfficial

    NITI Aayog · 2025

    Approximately 19% of MSME credit demand met formally; unmet gap estimated at Rs 80 lakh crore

    View source
  37. 38.
    India's Booming Gig and Platform EconomyOfficial

    NITI Aayog · 2022

    View source
  38. 39.
    Over 30.68 crore unorganised workers registered on e-Shram portalOfficial

    Ministry of Labour and Employment / PIB · 2025

    View source
  39. 40.
    NAPS guidelines and apprenticeship statistics; National Apprenticeship Promotion SchemeOfficial

    Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship · 2024

    Cumulative approximately 41.96 lakh apprentices FY2018-19 to July 2025; stipend sharing Rs 1,500/month; India approximately 0.1% of workforce as apprentices vs Germany approximately 4%

    View source
  40. 41.
    Economic Survey 2025-26: PLI investment and jobsOfficial

    Government of India · 2026

    PLI credited with Rs 2.0 lakh crore actual investment and 12.6 lakh jobs; National Manufacturing Mission targets

    View source
  41. 42.
    Cabinet Approves Employment Linked Incentive (ELI) Scheme — Rs 99,446 croreOfficial

    Cabinet / PIB · 2025

    Rs 99,446 crore; target of 3.5 crore jobs incentivised via EPFO-verified payroll; August 2025 to July 2027

    View source
  42. 43.
    Largest electorate for General Elections — over 96.88 crore electors registeredOfficial

    Election Commission of India / PIB · 2024

    Electoral rolls of 1 January 2024.

    View source
  43. 44.
    2016–2018 Citizens' Assembly (official site)Official

    Citizens' Assembly Ireland · 2018

    99 randomly selected citizens; chaired by Supreme Court judge Mary Laffoy; deliberated November 2016–April 2017.

    View source
  44. 45.
    2013–2014 Convention on the ConstitutionOfficial

    Citizens' Assembly Ireland · 2014

    66 randomly selected citizens, 33 politicians, 1 independent chair.

    View source
  45. 46.
    Procurement and CostsOfficial

    Citizens' Assembly Ireland · 2018

    Total budget €1,505,960.90 for the 2016–18 Assembly.

    View source
  46. 47.
    Macron responds to 150 citizens of the Convention Citoyenne pour le ClimatOfficial

    Élysée · 2020

    29 June 2020; 146 of 149 proposals accepted.

    View source
  47. 48.
    Le budget (official Convention budget)Official

    Convention Citoyenne pour le Climat · 2020

    Total €5.4 million; citizen per-diem €86.04/day.

    View source
  48. 49.
    Loi du 22 août 2021 climat et résilienceOfficial

    Vie-publique.fr · 2021

    Legislative record; domestic-flight ban 2h30 vs convention's 4h proposal.

    View source
  49. 50.
    9th Five Year Plan — People's Plan CampaignOfficial

    Local Self-Government Department, Government of Kerala · 2024

    Official campaign history and devolution figures.

    View source
  50. 51.
    73rd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992Official

    Ministry of Panchayati Raj · 2024

    Assented 20 April 1993 after ratification by state legislatures. Inserted Part IX (Articles 243–243O) and Part IXA (Articles 243P–243ZG).

    View source
  51. 52.
    Article 243A: Gram SabhaOfficial

    Constitution of India · 1993

    Full text: 'A Gram Sabha may exercise such powers and perform such functions at the village level as the Legislature of a State may, by law, provide.'

    View source
  52. 53.
    Article 368: Power of Parliament to amend the ConstitutionOfficial

    Constitution of India · 1949

    Clause (2) and proviso including state-ratification list for amendments touching representation of states, Centre-state relations and other listed subjects.

    View source
  53. 54.
    Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala — basic structure doctrine (1973)Official

    Supreme Court of India · 1973

    13-judge bench, 7–6, 24 April 1973. Parliament's amending power cannot destroy the Constitution's basic structure, which includes democracy, free and fair elections, federalism and judicial review.

    View source
  54. 55.
    Indira Nehru Gandhi v. Raj Narain — free and fair elections as basic structure (1975)Official

    Supreme Court of India · 1975

    7 November 1975. Art 329A(4) and (5) struck down; first time an amendment was invalidated on basic-structure grounds. Free and fair elections confirmed as basic structure.

    View source
  55. 56.
    Cabinet Resolution establishing NITI AayogOfficial

    Cabinet Secretariat, Government of India · 2015

    Resolution dated 1 January 2015. NITI Aayog created by executive resolution — no statute, no amendment.

    View source
  56. 57.
    Devolution Index Report 2024Official

    Ministry of Panchayati Raj / IIPA · 2024

    National average 43.9 out of 100, up from 39.9 in 2013-14; Karnataka leads at 72.2.

    View source
  57. 58.
    State/UT-wise Elected Women Representatives in Panchayati Raj InstitutionsOfficial

    Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation · 2024

    Women approximately 46% of PRI elected representatives.

    View source

Multilateral (17)

  1. 1.
    Hospital beds (per 1,000 people) — India (latest year 2021)Multilateral

    World Bank · 2021

    1.6 per 1,000 (all beds, 2021)

    View source
  2. 2.
    India Hypertension Control Initiative: a high impact and low-cost solutionMultilateral

    WHO India · 2022

    130+ districts; 4 million+ patients enrolled by 2022; BP control 37% to 48%

    View source
  3. 3.
    India Learning Poverty BriefMultilateral

    World Bank · 2024

    April 2024 update; uses latest available pre-pandemic data

    View source
  4. 4.
    Government expenditure on education, total (% of GDP) — IndiaMultilateral

    World Bank · 2026

    Data series accessed June 2026

    View source
  5. 5.
    Cost-Effective Approaches to Improve Global Learning (Smart Buys) 2023Multilateral

    Global Education Evidence Advisory Panel / World Bank · 2023

    Rates structured pedagogy and TaRL-style instruction as great buys; rates hardware-only tech distribution as a bad buy

    View source
  6. 6.
    PISA 2022 Results: Country Notes — Viet NamMultilateral

    OECD · 2023

    Vietnam mathematics 469 vs OECD average 472; 72% at baseline proficiency

    View source
  7. 7.
    Vietnam GDP per capitaMultilateral

    Macrotrends / World Bank · 2022

    US$4,116 in 2022

    View source
  8. 8.
    Vietnam's Human Capital: Education Success and Future ChallengesMultilateral

    World Bank · 2020

    Analysis of teacher standards, completion rates, and public investment under 2005 Education Law

    View source
  9. 9.
    Achieving World-Class Education in Adverse Socioeconomic Conditions: The Case of Sobral in BrazilMultilateral

    World Bank · 2020

    Sobral ranked 1,366th in 2005 IDEB; first in both levels by 2017

    View source
  10. 10.
    India Employment Report 2024: Youth employment, education and skillsMultilateral

    International Labour Organization & Institute for Human Development · 2024

    View source
  11. 11.
    India Wage Report: Wage policies for decent work and inclusive growthMultilateral

    International Labour Organization · 2018

    View source
  12. 12.
    Financing India's MSMEs: Estimation of Debt Requirement of MSMEs in IndiaMultilateral

    International Finance Corporation / Intellecap · 2018

    Credit gap estimated at Rs 16.66 lakh crore; methodology differs from NITI Aayog 2025 estimate

    View source
  13. 13.
    OECD Economic Surveys: Viet Nam 2025 — Harnessing trade and investment flows to boost productivityMultilateral

    OECD · 2025

    FDI firms approximately 98% of electronics exports (US$126.5bn, 2024); Samsung approximately one-fifth of total exports using 2023 data

    View source
  14. 14.
    Care Work and Care Jobs for the Future of Decent WorkMultilateral

    International Labour Organization · 2018

    India scenario: public investment of 2% of GDP in care could generate approximately 11 million jobs, approximately 70% to women; India's public care spending under 1% of GDP

    View source
  15. 15.
    China's First Special Economic Zone: The Case of ShenzhenMultilateral

    World Bank · 2010

    Shenzhen 1980: approximately 310,000 residents and under 30,000 workers; 2000: 4.33 million people and 3.09 million labour force

    View source
  16. 16.
    Innovative Citizen Participation and New Democratic Institutions: Catching the Deliberative WaveMultilateral

    OECD · 2020

    289 representative deliberative processes 1986–Oct 2019; level-of-government shares; OECD good-practice principles.

    View source
  17. 17.
    2023 Trends in Deliberative Democracy: OECD Database UpdateMultilateral

    Mauricio Mejia / OECD Participo · 2023

    733 cases 1979–2023; 160 new processes Sept 2021–Sept 2023.

    View source

Research (53)

  1. 1.
    Demand for Grants 2025-26 Analysis: Health and Family WelfareResearch

    PRS Legislative Research · 2025

    Combined centre-plus-state budgeted health spending ~1.9% of GDP, 2024-25

    View source
  2. 2.
    Size, composition and distribution of health workforce in India (Human Resources for Health 2021)Research

    Karan A. et al. · 2021

    Active qualified doctors: 5/10,000; nurses/midwives: 6/10,000; WHO threshold 44.5

    View source
  3. 3.
    Role of National Health Mission in Health Spending of States, Working Paper 317Research

    NIPFP · 2020

    NHM utilisation ~71% in surveyed states FY15-16; treasury delays 50-271 days documented

    View source
  4. 4.
    Towards a Better Health Care Delivery System: The Tamil Nadu Model (IJCM 2016)Research

    Parthasarathi R. & Sinha S.P. · 2016

    TNMSC design and Tamil Nadu public health cadre under PH Act 1939

    View source
  5. 5.
    Political Economy of Health: Tamil NaduResearch

    Dvara Research · not dated

    TN state indicators: IMR 18, U5MR 22, MMR 60; NFHS-5 2019-21 / SRS 2016-18

    View source
  6. 6.
    Lessons learned from redesigning public health medicines supply chain in Uttar Pradesh, IndiaResearch

    PMC / authors · 2025

    Warehouse availability: 34% to 88% overall; 27% to 97% per warehouse (Dec 2020–Jul 2024)

    View source
  7. 7.
    Financial risk protection of Thailand's universal health coverage 1996-2015 (Int J Equity Health 2020)Research

    Tangcharoensathien V. et al. · 2020

    OOP fell from 34% (2000) to 11% (2017); catastrophic spending below 3-4%

    View source
  8. 8.
    Impact of the Family Health Program on Infant Mortality in Brazilian Municipalities (AJPH 2009)Research

    Aquino R., de Oliveira N.F. & Barreto M.L. · 2009

    FHS expansion associated with falling IMR in 73% of municipalities

    View source
  9. 9.
    Infant mortality and Family Health Strategy in the 3rd Health Regional of Paraná 2005-2016Research

    Revista Paulista de Pediatria (SciELO Brazil) · 2021

    IMR fell from 17.1 to 10.7 as FHS coverage rose from 44% to 66%

    View source
  10. 10.
    Addressing social determinants of health: the Mitanin programme in India (Health Policy and Planning 2014)Research

    Nandi S. & Schneider H. · 2014

    70,000 Mitanin CHWs; prototype for national ASHA programme

    View source
  11. 11.
    Scale-up of community action for health: Mitanin program in ChhattisgarhResearch

    Sundararaman T. et al. · 2012

    4-5% annual reduction in underweight and 5-6% in stunting in programme areas

    View source
  12. 12.
    Monitoring the Family Health Centres in Kerala: Findings from a facility surveyResearch

    PMC / authors · 2024

    FHCs: 11,343 vs 9,580 OPD visits/10,000; offered depression and COPD screening

    View source
  13. 13.
    Effects of PM-JAY on hospitalizations, OOP expenditures and catastrophic expendituresResearch

    Health Systems & Reform · 2023

    13% relative OOPE reduction; 21% relative catastrophic expenditure reduction; shift toward private facilities

    View source
  14. 14.
    UDISE+ 2024-25 enrolment ratios and universal secondary educationResearch

    Education for All in India · 2025

    Secondary NER 47.5% and transition-rate figures

    View source
  15. 15.
    Single-teacher schools: UDISE+ 2024-25 analysisResearch

    Education for All in India · 2025

    1.04 lakh single-teacher schools reported

    View source
  16. 16.
    The Fiscal Cost of Weak Governance: Evidence from Teacher Absence in IndiaResearch

    Muralidharan K., Das J., Holla A., Mohpal A. · 2017

    NBER WP 20299; Journal of Public Economics 2017; fieldwork c. 2010; 23.6% absence rate; US$1.5bn fiscal cost

    View source
  17. 17.
    Mission Saksham Anganwadi and POSHAN 2.0 Budget Briefs 2023Research

    Accountability Initiative / Centre for Policy Research · 2023

    Anganwadi worker central honorarium ₹4,500/month; static since October 2018

    View source
  18. 18.
    School Education in the Union Budget 2026Research

    Education for All in India · 2026

    DoSEL ₹83,562 crore; Samagra Shiksha ₹42,100 crore; PM POSHAN ₹12,750 crore; PM SHRI ₹7,500 crore

    View source
  19. 19.
    Teaching at the Right Level to improve learning (case study)Research

    J-PAL · 2016

    Synthesis of six RCTs across seven Indian states; 2001–2016

    View source
  20. 20.
    Mainstreaming an Effective Intervention: Evidence from Randomized Evaluations of TaRL in IndiaResearch

    Banerjee A., Banerji R., Berry J., Duflo E. et al. · 2016

    NBER WP 22746; UP camps +0.70 SD language; Haryana in-school +0.15 SD

    View source
  21. 21.
    What Explains Vietnam's Exceptional Performance in Education Relative to Other Countries?Research

    Dang H.-A., Glewwe P., Lee J., Vu K. · 2023

    Economics of Education Review 2023; observables explain at most ~30% of Vietnam's outperformance

    View source
  22. 22.
    Responsive Reforms Can Lead to Learning Gains: The Sobral TurnaroundResearch

    RISE Programme · 2020

    Documents Sobral's rank at 1,366th in 2005 and path to first

    View source
  23. 23.
    There is no magic: The formula for Brazil's Ceará and Sobral success to reduce learning povertyResearch

    World Bank blog · 2020

    Results-linked state transfers to municipalities; formative assessment and coaching

    View source
  24. 24.
    COVID-19 Learning Loss and Recovery: Panel Data Evidence from IndiaResearch

    Singh A., Romero M., Muralidharan K. · 2022

    NBER WP 30552; ~19,000 rural TN children; loss 0.70 SD maths / 0.34 SD language; two-thirds recovered in 6 months; ITK ~24% of recovery

    View source
  25. 25.
    State-led education reform in Delhi, IndiaResearch

    Brookings Institution · 2023

    Policy brief; Class 12 pass-rate trend and reform package documentation

    View source
  26. 26.
    Inside the Delhi Education RevolutionResearch

    Education Next · 2023

    Independent reportage and review of programme-administered assessment results

    View source
  27. 27.
    Contract Teachers: Experimental Evidence from IndiaResearch

    Muralidharan K. & Sundararaman V. · 2013

    NBER WP 19440; Andhra Pradesh RCT; +0.16/0.15 SD mathematics/language over two years

    View source
  28. 28.
    Union Budget 2026-27 AnalysisResearch

    PRS Legislative Research · 2026

    Budget assumes 10% nominal GDP growth in 2026-27

    View source
  29. 29.
    ASER 2024: More than a post-pandemic recovery in learningResearch

    Ideas for India · 2025

    Commentary on state-level ASER gains including UP; notes gains not yet independently decomposed

    View source
  30. 30.
    Extra anganwadi worker randomised evaluation: mathematics +0.29 SD, language +0.46 SDResearch

    PMC / Tamil Nadu RCT study · 2024

    640 Tamil Nadu anganwadis; 18-month follow-up; doubled instructional time; lower stunting and malnutrition rates

    View source
  31. 31.
    Bihar Cycle programme: girls' secondary enrolment +32%Research

    J-PAL / Bihar cycle programme evaluation · 2010

    Quasi-experimental evaluation; +5.2 percentage points age-appropriate enrolment; gender gap narrowed 40%

    View source
  32. 32.
    The problem of India's stagnant real wagesResearch

    Ideas for India · 2024

    View source
  33. 33.
    Decoding Rising Female Labour Force Participation in IndiaResearch

    CEDA (Ashoka University) and Economic and Political Weekly · 2025

    Helpers in household enterprises 9.1% to 19.6%, own-account workers 4.5% to 14.6% (2017-18 to 2023-24)

    View source
  34. 34.
    A Law Only on Paper: Welfare for Construction WorkersResearch

    The India Forum · 2024

    Approximately 7.1 crore construction workers, 5.65 crore BOCW-registered

    View source
  35. 35.
    Net assessment of India's manufacturing sectorResearch

    Ideas for India · 2025

    View source
  36. 36.
    What's happening in Bangladesh's garment industry?Research

    Economics Observatory · 2024

    View source
  37. 37.
    Access to childcare to improve women's economic empowermentResearch

    J-PAL (Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab) · 2023

    Policy insight reviewing nine randomised evaluations across eight LMICs

    View source
  38. 38.
    The PLI scheme: Sense and nonsense in the debateResearch

    Raghuram Rajan (with Rohit Lamba) · 2023

    Critique of capital-intensity and low value addition in PLI scheme

    View source
  39. 39.
    Labor Market Effects of Public Works: Evidence from India's Employment Guarantee (AEJ Applied 2015)Research

    Imbert C. and Papp J. · 2015

    Estimated 5% average wage increase for low-skill rural workers; effects concentrated in seven most active states; estimates based on 2005-2008 rollout period

    View source
  40. 40.
    Building State Capacity: Evidence from Biometric Smartcards in India (American Economic Review 2016/2017)Research

    Muralidharan K., Niehaus P. and Sukhtankar S. · 2017

    Smartcard payment reform in Andhra Pradesh produced large gains in earnings and household assets

    View source
  41. 41.
    A Field Study of Rajasthan's Urban Employment Guarantee ProgrammeResearch

    The India Forum · 2023

    View source
  42. 42.
    Evaluating Rajasthan's urban employment guarantee programResearch

    Development in Practice · 2025

    Vol. 35, Issue 3; field evaluation finding payment delays and low wages as primary failures, not absence of demand

    View source
  43. 43.
    Strengthening Towns through Sustainable Employment: A Job Guarantee Programme for Urban IndiaResearch

    Azim Premji University, Centre for Sustainable Employment · 2019

    100 days at Rs 500/day in towns under 1 million; costed at 1.7–2.7% of GDP at national scale; Centre:state 80:20 cost-share

    View source
  44. 44.
    What is Deliberative Polling?Research

    Stanford Deliberative Democracy Lab · 2026

    Methodology overview; cross-poll summary of knowledge gains and opinion change across 18+ countries.

    View source
  45. 45.
    Democracy When the People Are Thinking (Oxford University Press, 2018)Research

    James S. Fishkin · 2018

    Synthesises three decades of Deliberative Polling data; ~70% of issues show significant opinion change with measurable knowledge gains.

    View source
  46. 46.
    Fair algorithms for selecting citizens' assembliesResearch

    Flanigan B., Gölz S., Gupta A., Hennig B. & Procaccia A. · 2021

    Nature 596 (2021). Peer-reviewed selection algorithms giving near-equal individual selection probabilities while meeting stratification quotas.

    View source
  47. 47.
    Open Democracy: Reinventing Popular Rule for the Twenty-First Century (Princeton UP, 2020)Research

    Hélène Landemore · 2020

    Political theory case for randomly selected bodies as more literally democratic than elected chambers.

    View source
  48. 48.
    Democracy without Shortcuts: A Participatory Conception of Deliberative Democracy (OUP, 2020)Research

    Cristina Lafont · 2020

    Critique of 'blind deference' to mini-publics; concedes uses that feed rather than substitute for wider public deliberation.

    View source
  49. 49.
    Deliberative Democracy in IndiaResearch

    World Bank / Parthasarathy & Rao · 2017

    World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 7995. 127 gram sabha transcripts.

    View source
  50. 50.
    Who Has Voice in a Deliberative Democracy? Evidence from Transcripts of Village Parliaments in South IndiaResearch

    Parthasarathy R., Rao V. & Palaniswamy N. / Stanford GSB · 2017

    127 gram sabha transcripts collected 2003; findings on who speaks and what gets discussed.

    View source
  51. 51.
    Oral Democracy: Deliberation in Indian Village Assemblies (Cambridge University Press, 2018)Research

    Sanyal P. & Rao V. · 2018

    ~300 gram sabha transcripts from South India; calls village assemblies 'the largest deliberative institution in human history'.

    View source
  52. 52.
    Deliberative Democracy Lab: AI Wearables findingsResearch

    Stanford FSI / CDDRL · 2024

    550 participants: 300 US, 250 India. Demonstrates methodological feasibility of Deliberative Polling with Indian samples.

    View source
  53. 53.
    Global Deliberative Poll on antibiotic resistance (including India)Research

    The Trinity Challenge · 2024

    Pilot in six low- and middle-income countries including India. Demonstrates recruitment, stratification, and multilingual facilitation at Indian scale.

    View source

Other (34)

  1. 1.
    India has only 0.79 beds per 1,000 population in government hospitalsOther

    The South First · 2023

    Knight Frank-Berkadia estimate; over 60% of beds private and city-concentrated

    View source
  2. 2.
    29% of NHM funds with states not spent in 5 yearsOther

    IndiaSpend · 2017

    Unspent NHM balances with states rose to ₹9,509 crore by 2015-16

    View source
  3. 3.
    Millions Saved Case 6: Saving Mothers' Lives in Sri LankaOther

    Center for Global Development · not dated

    Salaried public health midwives; 98%+ institutional delivery rate

    View source
  4. 4.
    Evidence from India: progress in hypertension controlOther

    Resolve to Save Lives · not dated

    OOP for BP drugs fell from 47% to 9% among IHCI enrolled patients

    View source
  5. 5.
    Illam Thedi Kalvi scheme reached nearly 96 lakh studentsOther

    DT Next · 2025

    ₹660.35 crore allocated 2021-22 to 2024-25; 1.65 lakh volunteers; state-reported figures

    View source
  6. 6.
    BPSC Teachers Recruitment 2023: Bihar to appoint over 1.70 lakh teachersOther

    Careers360 · 2023

    Basic pay ₹25,000/month for Classes 1–5; ₹28,000–32,000 for higher grades

    View source
  7. 7.
    UDISE+ 2024: enrolment drops, secondary retention 47%Other

    Careers360 · 2025

    Cited only for 24.80 to 24.69 crore enrolment decline; headline '47%' refers to secondary retention rate, not NER

    View source
  8. 8.
    Statistical Report on Agriculture and Allied SectorsOther

    Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare · 2025

    Agriculture approximately 18% of GVA in 2023-24

    View source
  9. 9.
    DataViz: Govt's Skill Development Scheme Placed Only 18% CandidatesOther

    IndiaSpend · 2022

    Pointer to MSDE placement data for PMKVY first seven years

    View source
  10. 10.
    PMKVY: Under 50% certified, placement data missingOther

    Parliamentary Standing Committee on Labour, Textiles and Skill Development (via Careers360) · 2024

    PMKVY 3.0 placed 30,599 of approximately 3,99,860 certified; placement tracking dropped under PMKVY 4.0

    View source
  11. 11.
    Inside One iPhone Factory Powering Apple's Pivot to IndiaOther

    TIME · 2023

    Approximately 42% of India's registered women factory workers in Tamil Nadu, citing official factory employment data

    View source
  12. 12.
    All about Foxconn in IndiaOther

    The Print · 2024

    Sriperumbudur plant 41,281 workers including 33,360 women; Reuters investigation on exclusion of married women

    View source
  13. 13.
    Foxconn home for 18,720 women workers opened at SriperumbudurOther

    DT Next · 2024

    SIPCOT industrial housing facility, Rs 706.50 crore, 18,720 women workers; unit cost approximately Rs 3.8 lakh per bed

    View source
  14. 14.
    VB-G RAM G gets Rs 95,000-plus crore allocation under Union Budget 2026-27, MGNREGA funds reducedOther

    The Print · 2026

    VB-G RAM G Rs 95,692 crore; MGNREGA cut from Rs 86,000 crore (2025-26) to Rs 30,000 crore (2026-27)

    View source
  15. 15.
    Record 46% of newly-elected Lok Sabha MPs facing criminal casesOther

    Association for Democratic Reforms · 2024

    Analysis of winning candidates' affidavits, 2024 general election; 251 of 543 MPs with criminal cases, 170 with serious cases; 93% crorepatis.

    View source
  16. 16.
    Number of Women MPs Down to 74 in 18th Lok SabhaOther

    Factly · 2024

    74 women elected to 18th Lok Sabha; 13.6% of the House, down from 14.4% in 2019.

    View source
  17. 17.
    Irish Citizens' Assembly: the Eighth AmendmentOther

    Participedia · 2018

    Case entry: 99 members, 87% voted that Article 40.3.3 should not be retained in full.

    View source
  18. 18.
    Thirty-sixth Amendment of the Constitution of IrelandOther

    Wikipedia · 2018

    Referendum 25 May 2018; 66.4% Yes.

    View source
  19. 19.
    Thirty-fourth Amendment of the Constitution of IrelandOther

    Wikipedia · 2015

    Marriage equality referendum 22 May 2015; 62.07% Yes — first country to adopt same-sex marriage by popular vote.

    View source
  20. 20.
    Citizens' assemblies cost taxpayers over €6.8 millionOther

    Kildare Nationalist · 2024

    Cumulative spending on Ireland's citizens' assemblies; figures released 2024.

    View source
  21. 21.
    Resounding defeat for Family referendum as 67.7% vote NoOther

    RTÉ News · 2024

    9 March 2024; Family amendment 67.7% No; Care amendment 73.9% No — largest No vote in Irish referendum history.

    View source
  22. 22.
    Convention pour le climat: seules 10% des propositions ont été reprises par le gouvernementOther

    Reporterre · 2021

    Citizens graded government follow-through at 3.3/10 in February 2021 final session.

    View source
  23. 23.
    French Citizens' Convention on the ClimateOther

    KNOCA · 2021

    Implementation assessment: ~37% of proposals modified or partially implemented; rest weakened or dropped.

    View source
  24. 24.
    Permanent Citizen Dialogue in OstbelgienOther

    G1000 · 2019

    February 2019 decree; 24-member Citizens' Council filled by lot; assemblies of 25–50 by lot.

    View source
  25. 25.
    The Ostbelgien Model: five years onOther

    Deliberative Democracy Digest · 2024

    Six assemblies run; evaluation findings including weaknesses; deliberative norms 'slowly but surely' taking root.

    View source
  26. 26.
    The Ostbelgien Model: a long-term Citizens' CouncilOther

    OIDP · 2024

    Practice entry; selection mechanism and parliamentary response obligation.

    View source
  27. 27.
    Democracy on ice: a post-mortem of the Icelandic constitutionOther

    openDemocracy · 2013

    National Forum of 950 randomly selected citizens; 25-member Constitutional Council; parliamentary attrition without ratification.

    View source
  28. 28.
    Iceland's experiment with crowd-sourcing its constitution just diedOther

    Quartz · 2013

    October 2012 advisory referendum — two-thirds approval; no parliamentary ratification by 2013.

    View source
  29. 29.
    How effective are gram sabhas?Other

    Ideas for India · 2024

    Summarises Besley, Pande & Rao (2005, JEEA): attendance patterns, BPL targeting, women's under-participation.

    View source
  30. 30.
    Kerala People's Campaign for Decentralized PlanningOther

    Participedia · 2024

    35–40% of state plan budget devolved; ₹1,025 crore in year one; ~150,000 local projects in Ninth Plan period.

    View source
  31. 31.
    14.5 lakh women make up 46% of elected representativesOther

    Babushahi · 2025

    Reporting Union Minister of Panchayati Raj statement, March 2025. ~2.6 lakh panchayats, ~31.5 lakh elected representatives.

    View source
  32. 32.
    2024 LS polls pegged as costliest ever, expenditure may touch ₹1.35 lakh croreOther

    ADR / Centre for Media Studies · 2024

    CMS estimate of total expenditure around the 2024 Lok Sabha election. The entire five-year sortition programme is approximately 0.1–0.2% of one election cycle.

    View source
  33. 33.
    The Irish abortion referendum: How a Citizens' Assembly helped to break years of political deadlockOther

    Electoral Reform Society · 2018

    Advocates credit the assembly with breaking a 35-year political deadlock; attribution is contested and counterfactual is unknowable.

    View source
  34. 34.
    Deliberative Polling ProjectOther

    Pepperdine / Davenport Institute · 2026

    Tertiary summary citing Fishkin's Stanford data; primary sources are fishkin-stanford and fishkin-2018.

    View source

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